english materials

Arrange sentence.

Formula : Des Sat Sha Co Can

Determines	Description	Size	Age	Temperatur	Shape	Colour	Clasifying	Noun head
A	Beautiful	Small	Young	Hot	Square	Red	Origin	Bag
An	Handsome	Long	old	cold	Round	Pink	Wooden	Book
The	Expensive	Large			Oval	Black	Golden
This	Good						Javanesse
That							chinese

Example :

Mr .Budi bought (modern - a – white – round – house – luxurious – big )

= mr . Budi bought a luxurious big modern round white house

Conditional sentence

·         Future possible

·         Present unreal

·         Past unreal

A.     Type I

Purpose        : untuk mengandaikan sesuatu yang mungkin terjadi di masa yang akan datang jika syaratnya terpenuhi.

Formula        :

S  + will / shall + v1 + o, if + S + VI + S/es + o

If + S + V1 + s/es + o, S + Will / shall + V1 + o

                Ex:

1.    I will send my book,if you give me money

2.    If you give me money, i will send my book

B.   Type II

Purpose                     : mengandaikan sesuatu yang bertolak belakang atau mengandaikan sesuatu yang tidak diharapkan kehadirannya

Formula                     :

S  + would / should + v1 + o, if + S + V2 + o

If + S + V2 + o, S + would / should + V1 + o

Nb:

·         Real fact berupa simple present

Ex :if i were a bird , i would fly around the world

Rf :im not a bird

·         jika if clause menggunakan to be maka semua subject menggunakan to be “were”

            Ex: if i were a bird , i would fly around the world

Ex:

1.    You would pass the exam,if you study hard

2.    If you study hard, you would pass the exam

C.   Type III

Purpose                     : mengungkap penyesalan yang bertentangan dengan kenyataan di masa lampau

Formula                     :

S  + would / should + have + v3 + o, if + S +had  + V3 + o

If + S +had + V3 + o, S + would / should +have + V3 + o

                Nb : real fact berupa simple past

            Ex: if i had done homework ,i would have gotten good point

            Rf : i did not do homework

Preference

1	S + Like + noun / gerund + better than + noun / gerund
	Ex : she likes ball better than doll
2	S + like + to + noun + / gerund  + better than + noun / gerund
	Ex : i like to play cards better than to listen to the radio
3	S + would prefer + noun / gerund + rather than + noun / gerund
	Ex : he would prever to study math rather than chemistry
4	I’d rather + v1
	Ex : i’d rather eat rendang
5	S + prefer +  o / noun
	Ex : i prefer gamelan music

Direct indirect spech

1.    Statement      : that

2.    Commad        : to

3.    Question        :yes no question : if / wether

 Wh question : kata  tanya itu sendiri

 To change direct statement to indirect statement

·         The verb usually use                                  say & said

If use “ say “ (present ) the tense is not changed

Ex : ana says, “ i dont agree with you “

So : ana says that she does not agree with you

·         If use “ said “ ( past ) the tense is changed

Tense	To tense
Simple present	Simple past
Present continous	Past continous
Present perfect	Past perfect
Simple past	Past perfect
Past continous	Past perfect continous
Future	Past future

·         The reading sign is delete and become “ that “

·         The adverb of time are also changed

time	Become to
yesterday	The day before
Last week	The week before
Now	Then
Today	That day
Tomorrow	The following day
This / these	That / those
There	Here
Two days ago	Two days before

Example :

·         Statement

1.    Ana said ,” i study english”

Ana said that she studied english

2.    She says to me, “ i am studying “

She says to me that she is studying

3.    He told his friend,” i live in kediri”

He told his friend that he lived in kediri

·         Command

1.    my mother tells me, “ be dilligent!”

                        My mother tells me to be dilligent

2.    my father told me,” dont go out !”

                        My father told me to not go out

·         Question

1.    They ask me ,” where i live?”

They ask me where i live

2.    He asked me ,” what is your name ?”

He asked me what my name was

3.    Nina ask vida ,” are you happy?”

Nina ask vida if she is happy

Passive voice

disini saya menghadirkan cara belajar yang simple mengenai passive voice

 RUMUS UMUM : S + TO BE + V3

·         Simple Present

Rita buys a novel

Jawab : A novel is bougth by her

·         Present Continous

Rita is buying a novel

Jawab : A novel is being bought by her

·         Present Perfect

Rita has bought a novel

Jawab : A novel has been bought by her

·         Past Tense

Rita bought a novel

Jawab : a novel was bought by her

·         Past Continous Tense

Rita was buying a novel

Jawab : A novel was being bought by her

·         Past perfect

Rita had bought a novel

Jawab : a novel had been bought by her

·         Simple future

Rita will buy a novel

Jawab : a novel will be bought by her

Gerund and invinitive 

by :

OKTAVIA G.M.  (36)

M. DWI HADI P.  (42)

GERUND is the –ing form of verb used in the same ways as a noun or verbal noun that can used as a subject or an object or a complement.

Example :

a.Walking is good exercise

       (walking is used as subject of the sentence)

b.The singer enjoy singing a song

  (singing is used as object of the sentence)

c.Dwi Hadi’s hobby is eating meat ball   

  (eating is used as complement of the sentence)

GO + GERUND

a.Do you go shopping?

b.They went fishing yesterday

  (go is followed by gerund in certain idiomatic, for the most part, recreational activities).

GO + GERUND

Go bird watching  go hiking  go sightseeing

Go boating  go hunting  go skating

Go bowling  go jogging  go swimming

Go camping  go climbing  go window shopping

Go canoeing  go running  go fishing

Go dancing  go sailing  go shopping

 Do it!!

1.Did you go …. In the jungle?

  a. hunted  c. hunting

  b. had hunted  d. was hunt 

2.I enjoy …. In the zoo.

  a. going  c. gone

  b. went  d. to go

3.Hendry’s hobby was ……..

  a. watched  c. eating

  b. watch  d. eats

GERUND AS SUBJECT can independent (phrase)

Example :

ØSwimming makes me health

ØSinging is her hobby

ØJogging keeps our health

Ø

1.Gerund as modifier and compound noun (kata benda majemuk) that the means place and manner.

  reading book  = buku bacaan

  drawing pen  = pulpen gambar

  sewing machine  = mesin jahit

  swimming suit  = pakaian renang

  living room  = ruang tamu

  shopping centre  = pusat perbelanjaan

  walking stick  = tomgkat berjalan  

 

2.Gerund used for prohibition/warning

  no smoking  = dilarang merokok

  no parking  = dilarang parkir

  no hunting  = dilarang berburu

  no swimming  = dilarang berenang

  no spitting  = dilarang meludah

  no loitering  = dilarang mondar-mandir

3.Gerund used in proverb

  seeing is believing  = tidak percaya sebelum melihat

  saving is having  = hemat pangkal kaya

GERUND AS COMPLEMENT 

GERUND AS COMPLEMENT usual called subject complement or predicate.

Example :

nHer hobby is singing dangdut’s song

nHadi swims in the swimming pool

 

GERUND AS OBJECT

There are 2 kinds  of object:

1.Object of verb. It is a gerund that used after verb

  Example :

  The thief admitted stealing the money

  Dwi Hadi avoid drinking beer

 

  REFERENCE LIST OF VERBS FOLLOWED BY GERUND

  admit  He admitted stealing the money

  advise  She advised waiting until tomorrow

  anticipate  I anticipate having a good time on vacation

  appreciate  I appreciate hearing from them

  avoid  He avoided answering my question

  complete  I finally completed writing my term paper

  consider  I will consider going with you

  delay  He delayed leaving for school

  deny  She denied committing the crime

  discus  They discussed opening a new business

  dislike  I dislike driving long distance

  enjoy  We enjoyed visiting them

  finish  She finished studying about ten

  forget  I’ll never forget visiting Napoleon’s tomb

  can’t help  I can’t help worrying about it

  keep  I keep hoping he will come

  mention  She mentioned going to a movie

  mind  Would you mind helping me with this?

  miss  I miss being with my family

  postpone  Let’s postpone leaving until tomorrow

  practice  The athlete practiced throwing the ball

  quit  He quit trying to solve the problem

  recall  I don’t recall meeting him before 

  recollect  I don’t recollect meeting him before

  recommend  She recommend seeing the show

  regret  I regret telling him my secret

  remember  I can remember meeting him when I was a child

  resist  I couldn’t resist eating the dessert

  risk  She risks losing all of her money

  stop  She stopped going to classes

  suggest  She suggested going to the movie

  tolerate  She won’t tolerate cheating during an examination

  understand  I don’t understand his leaving school

 

    

 

 

Note :

üAppreciate : followed possessive adjective

  I appreciate your giving me so much of your time

üExcuse, forgive, prevent, can followed : possessive adjective/pronoun + gerund or pronoun + preposition + gerund

  example :

  a. Forgive my/me interrupting you

      Forgive me for interrupting you

  b. You can’t prevent him from spending his own money

  Verb that can followed gerund and to infinitive

  begin  = mulai  intend  = bermaksud

  cease  = berhenti  go on  = terus

  continue  = melanjutkan  regret  = menyesal

  dislike  = tidak suka  like  = suka

  hate      = benci  love  = senang

  start  = mulai  try  = coba

  stop  = berhenti  remember  = ingat

  forget  = lupa  

VERB ‘NEED, WANT, REQUIRE,’ FOLLOWED GERUND HAS MEANS ‘PASSIVE’

  a. Your knife needs sharpening 

      (Pisaumu perlu diasah)

  b. The wall wants whitewashing

      (Dinding itu perlu dikapur)

  c. The grass requires cutting off

      (Rumput itu perlu dipotong)

 

NOTE :

Gerund can used after phrase

  can’t stand  = tidak tahan

  take to  = membiasakan

  can’t hear  = tidak tahan

  insist on  = mendesak, memaksa

  can’t avoid  = tidak tahan

  it’s worth  = patut, pantas

  can’t help  = tak sampai hati

  it’s no use/good  = tak ada gunanya

Example :

vI can’t stand waiting too long

vIt’s no use/good arguing (bertengkar)

There is something worth buying

2.Object of preposition, is gerund that used after verb of preposition (in, on, at, after, before, without, for, by, of, with, and so on)

  Example :

  a. He doesn’t have any difficulties in studying English

  b. After having breakfast, I want to go

  INFINITIVE

INFINITIVE is V1 or base verb

Example : speak, read, write, listen, cook, make

  THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN INFINITIVE AND TO INFINITIVE

Infinitive or V1 can become V2, V3, and V-ing but to infinitive is to + V1 that can’t become V2, V3, or V-ing and the function to compare 2 verb or more.

Example to+V1 :

a.I want to speak English

b.She doesn’t care to hear our explanation.  

 

COMMON VERBS FOOLOWED BY INFINITIVES  

 

VERB + INFINITIVE

•I hope to see you again soon

•He promised to be here by ten

  Some verbs are followed immediately by an infinitive.

c.He promised not to be late

  Negative form : not precedes the infinitive

 

  VERB + (PRO)NOUN + INFINITIVE

a.Mr. Lee told me to be here at ten o’clock

b.The police ordered the driver to stop

  Some verbs are followed by a (pro)noun and then an infinitive

c.I was told to be here at ten o’clock

d.The driver was ordered to stop

  These verbs are followed immediately by an infinitive when they are used in passive.

GROUP A : VERB + INFINITIVE

Hope to  promise to  seem to  expect to

Plan to   agree to  appear to  would like to 

Intend to  offer to  pretend to  want to

Decide to  refuse to  ask to  need to

GROUP B : VERB + (PRO)NUON + INFINITIVE

Tell someone to  require someone to

Advise someone to  order someone to

Encourage someone to  force someone to

Remind someone to   expect someone to

Invite someone to  would like someone to

Permit someone to  want someone to

Allow someone to  ask someone to

Warn someone to  need someone to

REFERENCE LIST OF VERBS FOLLOWED BY INFINITIVe

 

A.VERBS FOLLOWED IMMEDIATELY BY AN INFinitive

Afford Agree  Appear Arrange Ask  Beg  Care  Claim  Consent Decide

Demand   Deserve  Expect  l Fail  Forget  Hesitate  Hope  Learn Learn  Manage

Mean  Need  Offer  Plan  Prepare  Pretend  Promise  Refuse Regret  Remember

Learn  Manage  Mean  Need  Offer  Plan  Prepare  Pretend  Promise  Refuse

Regret  Remember  Seem  Struggle  Swear  Threaten  Volunteer  Wait  Want  Wish

B. VERBS FOLLOWED BY A (PRO)NOUN + AN INFINITIVE

Advise  She advised me to wait until tomorrow

Allow  She allowed me to use the car

Ask  I asked John to help us

Beg  They begged us to come

Cause  Her laziness caused her to fail 

Challenge  She challenged me to race her to the corner

Convince  I couldn’t convince him to accept our help

Dare  He dared me to do better than he had done

Encourage  He encouraged me to try again

Expect  I expect you to be on time

Forbid  I forbid you to tell him

Force  They forced him to tell the truth

Hire  She hired a boy to mow the law

Instruct  He instructed them to be careful

Invite  Harry invited the Johnson to come to his party

Need  We needed Chris to help us figure out the solution

Order  The judge ordered me to pay a fine

Permit  He permitted the children to stay up late

Persuade  I persuaded him to come for a visit

Remind  She reminded me to lock the door

Require  Our teacher requires us to be on time

Teach  My brother taught me to swim

Tell  The doctor told me to take these pills

Urge  I urged her to apply for the job

Want  I want you to be happy

Warn  I warned you not to drive too fast