english materials


Arrange sentence.
Formula : Des Sat Sha Co Can
Determines
Description
Size
Age
Temperatur
Shape
Colour
Clasifying
Noun head
A
Beautiful
Small
Young
Hot
Square
Red
Origin
Bag
An
Handsome
Long
old
cold
Round
Pink
Wooden
Book
The
Expensive
Large


Oval
Black
Golden

This
Good





Javanesse

That






chinese


Example :
Mr .Budi bought (modern - a – white – round – house – luxurious – big )
= mr . Budi bought a luxurious big modern round white house

Conditional sentence
·         Future possible
·         Present unreal
·         Past unreal
A.     Type I
Purpose        : untuk mengandaikan sesuatu yang mungkin terjadi di masa yang akan datang jika syaratnya terpenuhi.
Formula        :
S  + will / shall + v1 + o, if + S + VI + S/es + o
If + S + V1 + s/es + o, S + Will / shall + V1 + o

                Ex:
1.    I will send my book,if you give me money
2.    If you give me money, i will send my book

B.   Type II

Purpose                     : mengandaikan sesuatu yang bertolak belakang atau mengandaikan sesuatu yang tidak diharapkan kehadirannya
Formula                     :

S  + would / should + v1 + o, if + S + V2 + o
If + S + V2 + o, S + would / should + V1 + o
Nb:
·         Real fact berupa simple present
Ex :if i were a bird , i would fly around the world
Rf :im not a bird
·         jika if clause menggunakan to be maka semua subject menggunakan to be “were”
            Ex: if i were a bird , i would fly around the world
Ex:
1.    You would pass the exam,if you study hard
2.    If you study hard, you would pass the exam

C.   Type III

Purpose                     : mengungkap penyesalan yang bertentangan dengan kenyataan di masa lampau
Formula                     :

S  + would / should + have + v3 + o, if + S +had  + V3 + o
If + S +had + V3 + o, S + would / should +have + V3 + o
                Nb : real fact berupa simple past
            Ex: if i had done homework ,i would have gotten good point
            Rf : i did not do homework

Preference
1
S + Like + noun / gerund + better than + noun / gerund
Ex : she likes ball better than doll
2
S + like + to + noun + / gerund  + better than + noun / gerund
Ex : i like to play cards better than to listen to the radio
3
S + would prefer + noun / gerund + rather than + noun / gerund
Ex : he would prever to study math rather than chemistry
4
I’d rather + v1
Ex : i’d rather eat rendang
5
S + prefer +  o / noun
Ex : i prefer gamelan music

Direct indirect spech
1.    Statement      : that
2.    Commad        : to
3.    Question        :yes no question : if / wether
 Wh question : kata  tanya itu sendiri

 To change direct statement to indirect statement
·         The verb usually use                                  say & said
If use “ say “ (present ) the tense is not changed
Ex : ana says, “ i dont agree with you “
So : ana says that she does not agree with you
·         If use “ said “ ( past ) the tense is changed

Tense
To tense
Simple present
Simple past
Present continous
Past continous
Present perfect
Past perfect
Simple past
Past perfect
Past continous
Past perfect continous
Future
Past future
·         The reading sign is delete and become “ that “
·         The adverb of time are also changed

time
Become to
yesterday
The day before
Last week
The week before
Now
Then
Today
That day
Tomorrow
The following day
This / these
That / those
There
Here
Two days ago
Two days before

Example :
·         Statement
1.    Ana said ,” i study english”
Ana said that she studied english
2.    She says to me, “ i am studying “
She says to me that she is studying
3.    He told his friend,” i live in kediri”
He told his friend that he lived in kediri

·         Command
1.    my mother tells me, “ be dilligent!”
                        My mother tells me to be dilligent
2.    my father told me,” dont go out !”
                        My father told me to not go out

·         Question
1.    They ask me ,” where i live?”
They ask me where i live
2.    He asked me ,” what is your name ?”
He asked me what my name was
3.    Nina ask vida ,” are you happy?”
Nina ask vida if she is happy



Passive voice

disini saya menghadirkan cara belajar yang simple mengenai passive voice


 RUMUS UMUM : S + TO BE + V3



·         Simple Present
Rita buys a novel
Jawab : A novel is bougth by her

·         Present Continous
Rita is buying a novel
Jawab : A novel is being bought by her

·         Present Perfect
Rita has bought a novel
Jawab : A novel has been bought by her

·         Past Tense
Rita bought a novel
Jawab : a novel was bought by her

·         Past Continous Tense
Rita was buying a novel
Jawab : A novel was being bought by her

·         Past perfect
Rita had bought a novel
Jawab : a novel had been bought by her

·         Simple future
Rita will buy a novel
Jawab : a novel will be bought by her

Gerund and invinitive 
by :
OKTAVIA G.M.  (36)
M. DWI HADI P.  (42)

GERUND is the –ing form of verb used in the same ways as a noun or verbal noun that can used as a subject or an object or a complement.
Example :
a.Walking is good exercise
       (walking is used as subject of the sentence)
b.The singer enjoy singing a song
  (singing is used as object of the sentence)
c.Dwi Hadi’s hobby is eating meat ball   
  (eating is used as complement of the sentence)


GO + GERUND
a.Do you go shopping?
b.They went fishing yesterday
  (go is followed by gerund in certain idiomatic, for the most part, recreational activities).
GO + GERUND
Go bird watching  go hiking  go sightseeing
Go boating  go hunting  go skating
Go bowling  go jogging  go swimming
Go camping  go climbing  go window shopping
Go canoeing  go running  go fishing
Go dancing  go sailing  go shopping

 Do it!!

1.Did you go …. In the jungle?
  a. hunted  c. hunting
  b. had hunted  d. was hunt 
2.I enjoy …. In the zoo.
  a. going  c. gone
  b. went  d. to go
3.Hendry’s hobby was ……..
  a. watched  c. eating
  b. watch  d. eats

GERUND AS SUBJECT can independent (phrase)
Example :
ØSwimming makes me health
ØSinging is her hobby
ØJogging keeps our health
Ø
1.Gerund as modifier and compound noun (kata benda majemuk) that the means place and manner.
  reading book  = buku bacaan
  drawing pen  = pulpen gambar
  sewing machine  = mesin jahit
  swimming suit  = pakaian renang
  living room  = ruang tamu
  shopping centre  = pusat perbelanjaan
  walking stick  = tomgkat berjalan  
 
2.Gerund used for prohibition/warning
  no smoking  = dilarang merokok
  no parking  = dilarang parkir
  no hunting  = dilarang berburu
  no swimming  = dilarang berenang
  no spitting  = dilarang meludah
  no loitering  = dilarang mondar-mandir
3.Gerund used in proverb
  seeing is believing  = tidak percaya sebelum melihat
  saving is having  = hemat pangkal kaya

GERUND AS COMPLEMENT 
GERUND AS COMPLEMENT usual called subject complement or predicate.
Example :
nHer hobby is singing dangdut’s song
nHadi swims in the swimming pool
 
GERUND AS OBJECT

There are 2 kinds  of object:
1.Object of verb. It is a gerund that used after verb
  Example :
  The thief admitted stealing the money
  Dwi Hadi avoid drinking beer
 
  REFERENCE LIST OF VERBS FOLLOWED BY GERUND
  admit  He admitted stealing the money
  advise  She advised waiting until tomorrow
  anticipate  I anticipate having a good time on vacation
  appreciate  I appreciate hearing from them
  avoid  He avoided answering my question
  complete  I finally completed writing my term paper
  consider  I will consider going with you
  delay  He delayed leaving for school
  deny  She denied committing the crime

  discus  They discussed opening a new business
  dislike  I dislike driving long distance
  enjoy  We enjoyed visiting them
  finish  She finished studying about ten
  forget  I’ll never forget visiting Napoleon’s tomb
  can’t help  I can’t help worrying about it
  keep  I keep hoping he will come
  mention  She mentioned going to a movie
  mind  Would you mind helping me with this?
  miss  I miss being with my family
  postpone  Let’s postpone leaving until tomorrow
  practice  The athlete practiced throwing the ball
  quit  He quit trying to solve the problem
  recall  I don’t recall meeting him before 
  recollect  I don’t recollect meeting him before
  recommend  She recommend seeing the show
  regret  I regret telling him my secret
  remember  I can remember meeting him when I was a child
  resist  I couldn’t resist eating the dessert
  risk  She risks losing all of her money
  stop  She stopped going to classes
  suggest  She suggested going to the movie
  tolerate  She won’t tolerate cheating during an examination
  understand  I don’t understand his leaving school
 
    
 
 
Note :
üAppreciate : followed possessive adjective
  I appreciate your giving me so much of your time
üExcuse, forgive, prevent, can followed : possessive adjective/pronoun + gerund or pronoun + preposition + gerund
  example :
  a. Forgive my/me interrupting you
      Forgive me for interrupting you
  b. You can’t prevent him from spending his own money


  Verb that can followed gerund and to infinitive
  begin  = mulai  intend  = bermaksud
  cease  = berhenti  go on  = terus
  continue  = melanjutkan  regret  = menyesal
  dislike  = tidak suka  like  = suka
  hate      = benci  love  = senang
  start  = mulai  try  = coba
  stop  = berhenti  remember  = ingat
  forget  = lupa  

VERB ‘NEED, WANT, REQUIRE,’ FOLLOWED GERUND HAS MEANS ‘PASSIVE’
  a. Your knife needs sharpening 
      (Pisaumu perlu diasah)
  b. The wall wants whitewashing
      (Dinding itu perlu dikapur)
  c. The grass requires cutting off
      (Rumput itu perlu dipotong)
 

NOTE :
Gerund can used after phrase
  can’t stand  = tidak tahan
  take to  = membiasakan
  can’t hear  = tidak tahan
  insist on  = mendesak, memaksa
  can’t avoid  = tidak tahan
  it’s worth  = patut, pantas
  can’t help  = tak sampai hati
  it’s no use/good  = tak ada gunanya
Example :
vI can’t stand waiting too long
vIt’s no use/good arguing (bertengkar)
There is something worth buying

2.Object of preposition, is gerund that used after verb of preposition (in, on, at, after, before, without, for, by, of, with, and so on)
  Example :
  a. He doesn’t have any difficulties in studying English
  b. After having breakfast, I want to go

  INFINITIVE

INFINITIVE is V1 or base verb
Example : speak, read, write, listen, cook, make
  THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN INFINITIVE AND TO INFINITIVE
Infinitive or V1 can become V2, V3, and V-ing but to infinitive is to + V1 that can’t become V2, V3, or V-ing and the function to compare 2 verb or more.
Example to+V1 :
a.I want to speak English
b.She doesn’t care to hear our explanation.  
 
COMMON VERBS FOOLOWED BY INFINITIVES  
 
VERB + INFINITIVE
I hope to see you again soon
He promised to be here by ten
  Some verbs are followed immediately by an infinitive.
c.He promised not to be late
  Negative form : not precedes the infinitive
 
  VERB + (PRO)NOUN + INFINITIVE
a.Mr. Lee told me to be here at ten o’clock
b.The police ordered the driver to stop
  Some verbs are followed by a (pro)noun and then an infinitive
c.I was told to be here at ten o’clock
d.The driver was ordered to stop
  These verbs are followed immediately by an infinitive when they are used in passive.

GROUP A : VERB + INFINITIVE
Hope to  promise to  seem to  expect to
Plan to   agree to  appear to  would like to 
Intend to  offer to  pretend to  want to
Decide to  refuse to  ask to  need to
GROUP B : VERB + (PRO)NUON + INFINITIVE
Tell someone to  require someone to
Advise someone to  order someone to
Encourage someone to  force someone to
Remind someone to   expect someone to
Invite someone to  would like someone to
Permit someone to  want someone to
Allow someone to  ask someone to
Warn someone to  need someone to

REFERENCE LIST OF VERBS FOLLOWED BY INFINITIVe
 
A.VERBS FOLLOWED IMMEDIATELY BY AN INFinitive
Afford
Agree 
Appear
Arrange
Ask 
Beg 
Care 
Claim 
Consent Decide
Demand  
Deserve 
Expect  l
Fail 
Forget 
Hesitate 
Hope 
Learn
Learn 
Manage
Mean 
Need 
Offer 
Plan 
Prepare 
Pretend 
Promise 
Refuse
Regret 
Remember  
Learn 
Manage 
Mean 
Need 
Offer 
Plan 
Prepare 
Pretend 
Promise 
Refuse
Regret 
Remember 
Seem 
Struggle 
Swear 
Threaten 
Volunteer 
Wait 
Want 
Wish
B. VERBS FOLLOWED BY A (PRO)NOUN + AN INFINITIVE
Advise  She advised me to wait until tomorrow
Allow  She allowed me to use the car
Ask  I asked John to help us
Beg  They begged us to come
Cause  Her laziness caused her to fail 
Challenge  She challenged me to race her to the corner
Convince  I couldn’t convince him to accept our help
Dare  He dared me to do better than he had done
Encourage  He encouraged me to try again
Expect  I expect you to be on time
Forbid  I forbid you to tell him
Force  They forced him to tell the truth
Hire  She hired a boy to mow the law
Instruct  He instructed them to be careful
Invite  Harry invited the Johnson to come to his party
Need  We needed Chris to help us figure out the solution
Order  The judge ordered me to pay a fine
Permit  He permitted the children to stay up late

Persuade  I persuaded him to come for a visit
Remind  She reminded me to lock the door
Require  Our teacher requires us to be on time
Teach  My brother taught me to swim
Tell  The doctor told me to take these pills
Urge  I urged her to apply for the job
Want  I want you to be happy
Warn  I warned you not to drive too fast

 
 
 


 



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